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Over the following centuries, Antioch had a tumultuous history. In 115 A.D., a devastating earthquake struck the city while Emperor Trajan was there. In 260 A.D., the Persian king Shapur I briefly took control of Antioch, but it was soon reclaimed by the Romans. After Emperor Constantine recognized the Christian Church in 313 A.D., Antioch became the seat of a metropolitan bishop, later rising to the status of a patriarchate.

In 526 and 528 A.D., further earthquakes destroyed large parts of the city, and in 540 A.D., it was once again taken by the Persians under Khosrow I. The Romans regained control under Emperor Justinian, who rebuilt the city. After subsequent conquests by the Persians in 611 A.D. and recapture by Emperor Heraclius in 628 A.D., Antioch fell to the Arabs in 638 A.D. It was briefly reconquered by Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros Phokas in 969 A.D., but from 1084 onwards, the Seljuks ruled the city.

During the Crusades, Bohemund of Taranto captured Antioch in 1098, and it remained the capital of the Principality of Antioch until 1268.

The Emergence of the Christian Community

Between 35 and 40 A.D., Hellenistic Christians who had been expelled from Jerusalem founded the first Christian community in Antioch (see Acts 6:1-6, Acts 8:1, Acts 11:19-26).

Barnabas appears to have been the leading figure in this community. The Antiochene community was active in missionary work from the start, initially targeting the large Jewish diaspora in the city. However, it soon expanded beyond the bounds of Judaism to form a community composed of both former pagans and diaspora Jews.

After his calling as an apostle, Paul joined the Antiochene community. Together with Barnabas, they conducted missionary work in Cyprus and Asia Minor (southern Galatia).

In 48 A.D., the so-called Apostolic Council took place in Jerusalem (Galatians 2:1-10, Acts 15). Representatives from the Antiochene and Jerusalem churches agreed that faith in Christ and baptism in His name—not circumcision—were sufficient for full membership in the Christian community, which saw itself as the people of God. This allowed the Antiochene church to officially continue its mission to the Gentiles without requiring circumcision. At the same time, early Christianity began to separate from the legal and religious framework of Judaism.

However, conflicts arose within the Antiochene community over the coexistence of Jews and non-Jews. One particularly contentious issue was the question of Jewish dietary laws: To what extent should the entire community, including Gentile Christians, observe the Jewish dietary laws that Jewish Christians felt bound to follow? Should Gentile Christians even adopt Jewish traditions themselves? These questions threatened to divide the community.

Paul took a firm stance against these laws, believing that Gentile Christians should not be bound by Jewish dietary regulations. This conflict eventually led to Paul leaving the city. From then on, Paul no longer served as a missionary for the Antiochene church but acted as an independent apostle.
Peter, however, maintained the connection between Jerusalem and the now more Jewish-Christian-influenced Antioch. The claim that Peter was the first bishop of Antioch, as first asserted by Jerome, is a myth.

1. At that time, there were no bishops yet.
2. Peter never led the community; the only known leader from this period is Barnabas.

Development of the Antiochene Church

Bishop Ignatius of Antioch, who is traditionally believed to have been martyred in Rome around 112 A.D., wrote several letters to the Antiochene community while being transported to the imperial capital. These letters are an important source for understanding the theology of early second-century Antioch, which shows a strong connection to Pauline traditions.

The Church historian Eusebius of Caesarea records a list of the first bishops of Antioch:

1. Euodius
2. Ignatius
3. Heros
4. Cornelius
5. Eros
6. Theophilus
7. Maximus

According to Jerome, Theophilus is the seventh bishop because Jerome begins the list with Peter. However, these lists are largely constructed retrospectively and hold little historical value.

After Ignatius, Theophilus is the next prominent theologian from Antioch, whose writings have been preserved. He died between 180 and 191 A.D., and his three books, Ad Autolycum, are apologetic writings addressed to a fictional figure named Autolycus.

The next historical record of the Antiochene church comes during the persecution of Christians under Emperor Decius, during which Bishop Babylas of Antioch was martyred. Another notable figure in the church’s history is Paul of Samosata, who served as bishop from 261 to 270 A.D. Although Paul was later condemned as a heretic, no writings of his survive, and thus the accusations against him cannot be fully verified. Paul was likely from Samosata, the capital of the Kingdom of Commagene, and may have belonged to the upper class. Ancient sources claim he came from humble beginnings but later amassed wealth, possibly through his role as a state official.

Paul of Samosata was deposed by two synods but refused to vacate the main church in Antioch. Only after the church leadership appealed to the pagan Emperor Aurelian was Paul finally expelled. These events likely occurred in 272, after Aurelian recaptured Antioch. Queen Zenobia of Palmyra had previously conquered Syria, Egypt, and Asia Minor to establish an independent kingdom, and Paul of Samosata was rumored to be one of her advisors. However, it is unclear whether this is true. Either Paul aligned himself with the new ruling power during Palmyra’s occupation of Antioch, or this was a slander to discredit him before Aurelian.

At the turn of the third to the fourth century, Antioch became a significant center of theological scholarship. Antiochene theologians were less speculative than their Alexandrian counterparts or later Nicenes, focusing instead on biblical exegesis. They were notably restrained in their use of allegorical interpretation, as practiced by Origen. A key figure of Antiochene theology is Theodore of Mopsuestia. Likewise, Presbyter Lucian (died 312 during the Diocletian persecution), who worked on revising the Septuagint, is a typical representative of Antiochene theology.

Famous Figures

John Chrysostom (*349 in Antioch; †407 in Constantinople) is a well-known figure from Antioch. He was a close friend of Theodore of Mopsuestia. Before becoming a presbyter in Antioch in 386, John lived an ascetic life in the mountains outside the city. John Chrysostom became a celebrated preacher, with 17 treatises and more than 700 sermons attributed to him. Many of these sermons date from his time in Antioch and are valuable sources on the life of the city, including the relationships between Christians, pagans, and Jews, as well as political issues.

John’s popularity reached the court of Constantinople. In 398, under false pretenses, John was summoned to the imperial capital and, against his will, was appointed bishop of Constantinople. There, John tried to promote his ideals of simple, ascetic clerical life, advocating against luxury and excess, which earned him many enemies. His poor handling of ecclesiastical conflicts eventually led to his deposition in 403 and his exile to Cappadocia, where he died in 407.

Libanius and Julian the Apostate

In the fourth century, Antioch witnessed a pagan reaction against the spread of Christianity. The most notable figure in this movement was Libanius (*314 †393), a native of Antioch from a patrician family. Libanius studied rhetoric and became a successful rhetoric professor, teaching in Athens, Constantinople, Nicomedia, and from 354 onwards, in Antioch. As a representative of pagan religiosity, Libanius firmly opposed Christianity.

Between 362 and 363, Emperor Julian the Apostate stayed in Antioch to prepare for his Persian campaign. Libanius was one of Julian’s closest advisors and friends. It is therefore not surprising that Julian tried to revive many old pagan cults during his time in Antioch.

Post-Chalcedon Developments

After the Council of Chalcedon, monophysite (anti-Chalcedonian) communities began to form in the hinterlands of Antioch. At the same time, monasticism played an important role in the region. Simeon Stylites the Younger settled in the mountains near Antioch and founded a monastery that became a pilgrimage site.

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The original museum was opened in 1954 and occupied a wing added to the Getty Ranch in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles. However, its collections eventually outgrew this location, so in 1974 they were moved to a new building nearby. This museum, known as the Getty Villa, was a lavish recreation of the Villa of the Papyri, an ancient Roman house found in Herculaneum.

After Getty’s death in 1976, the museum became the richest museum in the world. After years of planning, the Getty Center (commonly referred to as the Getty), a larger complex of six buildings designed by Richard Meyer in the Brentwood neighborhood, opened to great acclaim in 1997. The Getty Museum is home to J. Paul Getty’s collection of European paintings, sculpture, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, and decorative arts from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. It also has international photographs dating from the late 1830s to the present. The collections reflect its preference for Renaissance and Baroque paintings and French furniture. The Getty is also home to the Getty Research Institute, the Getty Conservation Institute, and the Getty Foundation.

The Getty Villa was closed for renovation in 1997 and reopened in 2006, designed by Boston architects Rodolfo Machado and Jorge Silvetti. It became home to the Getty Research Center and the Getty Collection of Ancient Greek, Roman, and Etruscan art. In 2018, the collection was reinstalled in chronological order after decades of thematic display.

Together, the Getty Center and the Getty Villa welcome about two million visitors a year.

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Charles Appleton Hooper donated unincorporated land for the school. An election on April 1, 1910, approved the site and elected all of Antioch’s new trustees. Construction began in September 1910 and the school opened on November 4, 1911. Antioch and Pittsburgh dissolved the Union District in 1925. Antioch’s last class graduated from Riverview Union High School in 1931.

The official date listed in the charter of the “Reorganization of the Antioch Historical Society” was April 24, 1975, when the first meeting was held at Marchetti’s Restaurant with Elise Beno as the speaker. The society met in various locations in the community, often hosting luncheons for members at the Women’s Club; obtained various storage locations for the artifact collection; and sought a location for a museum, and membership continued to grow. On April 1, 1979, founding member, Mayor Vern Roberts arranged for the old Carnegie Library at 6th and “F” Streets to be made available to the society for their first museum. The museum quickly filled with exhibits. In 1994, amid rumors of the Riverview Fire Protection District merging with Contra Costa Fire, the Society submitted letters to the Fire District asking them to consider the old Riverview Union High School if the Fire District abandoned it. In 1997, upon learning of the pending auction of the building, retired Mayor Vern Roberts contacted Elizabeth Rambo to stop the auction and petition the County Board of Supervisors to sell the building to the Antioch Historical Society.

After successfully presenting the real estate contract under intense political pressure, the Board of Supervisors agreed to sell the building to the Society. Don Paracini, son of founding member Victor Paracini and a successful San Francisco attorney, stepped in to assist Elizabeth Rambo in the final negotiations. In September 1999, the Society moved all of its property to Riverview Union High School and began renovating and restoring the building. Two and a half years later, the Company was able to complete the purchase by fully paying the five-year purchase option, largely due to the support and contributions of the Paracini family.

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To this day, folklore carries many tales of famous celebrities who performed there and left their autographs on the dressing room walls. El Campanil was also a single-screen movie theater with “state-of-the-art” projection capabilities in 1928.

In 2003, the theater was fully restored to its original appearance and updated with modern technology. This 94-year-old theater has been one of Antioch’s main cultural institutions and continues to thrive as an active historical monument to Antioch’s history.

Each year, the Art Deco Society of California presents the Art Deco Preservation Awards to people who have helped preserve Art Deco buildings, art, and culture. The awards recognize not only those institutions that are made in the Art Deco style, but also those that were built in that period. To include other types of architecture, the California Art Deco Society established the Eclectic Architecture Award as its own category 4 years ago.

In 2015, the Hearst Castle won the Eclectic Art Deco Architecture category. In 2016, the Eclectic Architecture Award was given to the Chinese Historical Society of America, and in 2017, it was awarded to Mills College for the preservation and management of buildings dating back to the 1920s. The El Campanil Theater is the fourth winner of the 2018 Eclectic Architecture Award, built at the height of the Art Deco period of the 1920s and 1930s.

Its Spanish Colonial/Spanish Gothic façade was unusual because, as the theater’s name suggests, it had three arches, each with a bell inside, with the largest arch and bell in the middle above the main entrance, three stories up. The hall still retains its original exquisite paintings, Moorish chandeliers and wall sconces.

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